Endogenous CO2 ice mixture on the surface of Europa and no detection of plume activity.

Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust. Conditions within the ocean are unknown, and it is unclear whether it is connected to the surface. We observed Europa with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to search for active release of material by probing its surface and atmosphere. A search for plumes yielded no detection of water, carbon monoxide, methanol, ethane, or methane fluorescence emissions. Four spectral features of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice were detected; their spectral shapes and distribution across Europa's surface indicate that the CO2 is mixed with other compounds and concentrated in Tara Regio. The 13CO2 absorption is consistent with an isotopic ratio of 12C/13C = 83 ± 19. We interpret these observations as indicating that carbon is sourced from within Europa.

The 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observation campaign in support of the Rosetta mission.

We present a summary of the campaign of remote observations that supported the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission. Telescopes across the globe (and in space) followed comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from before Rosetta's arrival until nearly the end of the mission in September 2016. These provided essential data for mission planning, large-scale context information for the coma and tails beyond the spacecraft and a way to directly compare 67P with other comets. The observations revealed 67P to be a relatively 'well-behaved' comet, typical of Jupiter family comets and with activity patterns that repeat from orbit to orbit. Comparison between this large collection of telescopic observations and the in situ results from Rosetta will allow us to better understand comet coma chemistry and structure. This work is just beginning as the mission ends-in this paper, we present a summary of the ground-based observations and early results, and point to many questions that will be addressed in future studies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Cometary science after Rosetta'.

Levels of anxiety and pain during chemotherapy with peripheral versus central vascular access: an experimental evaluation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate pain and anxiety levels in patients undergoing chemotherapy via central venous catheter (CVC) and peripheral venous access (PVA). METHOD: The sample consisted of 56 cancer patients undergoing at least one chemotherapy treatment cycle. They were divided into two groups based on the administration method of the chemotherapeutic drug: the experimental group (patients with CVC) and the control group (patients with PVA). The instruments used were the following: for multidimensional pain evaluation the Italian Pain Questionnaire (QUID, devised by De Benedettis et al), and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Chart of Pain. To evaluate the state and anxiety traits, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI questionnaire, by D. Spielberg) was used, and we used structured interviews for the statistical survey. RESULTS: Analyzing the data from the STAI questionnaire, it appeared that the state-trait anxiety levels of the experimental group and the control group were not significantly different (analysis of the mean difference made using the Student's t-test). The average scores of the STAI questionnaire for both groups fell within the normal range. This indicated that the anxiety level was unaffected by the introduction of the device (the CVC). The data collected with the QUID questionnaire and subsequent statistical analysis demonstrated that the difference between the means (Student's t-test) of the experimental group and the control group was significantly lower, as regards perception of the sensorial and evaluative quality of pain (p=0.05) in the experimental group. From the evaluation of the VAS method, it appeared that the difference between the means was not significant in either group, although the distribution of frequency tended towards lower values in the experimental group with respect to the control group. This confirms previous QUID research where a lower pain level is recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the data collected via the structured interview revealed that most of the CVC sample did not respond to catheter insertion as a sign of a worsening of their illness.

[Treatment of intracranial aneurysm in interventional neuroradiology. What problems for the anesthetist?]. / Il trattamento degli aneurismi intracranici in neuroradiologia interventistica. Quali i problemi per l'anestesista?

AIM: To outline the most occurring complications during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. DESIGN: Retrospective review of thirty-four patients treated from October 1994 to February 1996 with the placement of mechanically detachable microcoils inside the aneurysmal sac. SETTING: Interventional neuroradiology suite equipped for anesthetic care. PATIENTS: Thirty-four patients with ruptured (88%) or unruptured (12%) intracranial aneurysm submitted to elective (38%) or emergency (62%) endovascular treatment. Aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation in twenty-six patients (76%) and in the posterior circulation in eight patients (24%). INTERVENTIONS: A microcatheter was introduced into the arterial cerebral circulation to deliver tungsten microcoils to aneurysmal sac. The transfemoral approach was used in most cases. All patients were treated under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, conventional mechanical ventilation and neuromuscular blockade. The procedure was performed under anticoagulation with heparin and intravenous nimodipine administration. MEASUREMENTS: Neurological assessment was performed at the time of treatment (H&H 1) and six hours after the end of intervention (H&H 2) using Hunt and Hess classification system. The outcome was scored at four weeks following treatment using Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). RESULTS: Twenty-two (65%) interventions were successful. Attempted embolization failed in twelve (35%) patients due to intraoperative complications (17.6%) or technical difficulties (17.6%). Failures were more frequently determinated by vasospasm and haemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: The time of intervention, the use of heparin and the patient medical conditions need to be considered in preventing the complications of endovascular treatment.